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Microfinance issues The Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP) Key Principles of Microfinance 1. Poor people need a variety of financial services, not just loans. Like everyone else, the poor need a range of financial services that are convenient, flexible, and affordable. Depending on circumstances, they want not only loans, but also savings, insurance, and cash transfer services. 2. Microfinance is a powerful tool to fight poverty. When poor people have access to financial services, they can earn more, build their assets, and cushion themselves against external shocks. Poor households use microfinance to move from everyday survival to planning for the future: they invest in better nutrition, housing, health, and education. 3. Microfinance means building financial systems that serve the poor. In most developing countries, poor people are the majority of the population, yet they are the least likely to be served by banks. Microfinance is often seen as a marginal sector?a ?development? activity that donors, governments, or social investors might care about, but not as part of the country?s mainstream financial system. However, microfinance will reach the maximum number of poor clients only when it is integrated into the financial sector. 4. Microfinance can pay for itself, and must do so if it is to reach very large numbers of poor people. Most poor people cannot get good financial services that meet their needs because there are not enough strong institutions that provide such services. Strong institutions need to charge enough to cover their costs. Cost recovery is not an end in itself. Rather, it is the only way to reach scale and impact beyond the limited levels that donors can fund. A financially sustainable institution can continue and expand its services over the long term. Achieving sustainability means lowering transaction costs, offering services that are more useful to the clients, and finding new ways to reach more of the unbanked poor. 5. Microfinance is about building permanent local financial institutions. Finance for the poor requires sound domestic financial institutions that provide services on a permanent basis. These institutions need to attract domestic savings, recycle those savings into loans, and provide other services. As local institutions and capital markets mature, there will be less dependence on funding from donors and governments, including government development banks. 6. Microcredit is not always the answer. Microcredit is not the best tool for everyone or every situation. Destitute and hungry people with no income or means of repayment need other kinds of support before they can make good use of loans. In many cases, other tools will alleviate poverty better?for instance, small grants, employment and training programs, or infrastructure improvements. Where possible, such services should be coupled with building savings. 7. Interest rate ceilings hurt poor people by making it harder for them to get credit. It costs much more to make many small loans than a few large loans. Unless microlenders can charge interest rates that are well above average bank loan rates, they cannot cover their costs. Their growth will be limited by the scarce and uncertain supply soft money from donors or governments. When governments regulate interest rates, they usually set them at levels so low that microcredit cannot cover its costs, so such regulation should be avoided. At the same time, a microlender should not use high interest rates to make borrowers cover the cost of its own inefficiency. 8. The role of government is to enable financial services, not to provide them directly. National governments should set policies that stimulate financial services for poor people at the same time as protecting deposits. Governments need to maintain macroeconomic stability, avoid interest rate caps, and refrain from distorting markets with subsidized, high-default loan programs that cannot be sustained. They should also clamp down on corruption and improve the environment for micro-businesses, including access to markets and infrastructure. In special cases where other funds are unavailable, government funding may be warranted for sound and independent microfinance institutions. 9. Donor funds should complement private capital, not compete with it. Donors provide grants, loans, and equity for microfinance. Such support should be temporary. It should be used to build the capacity of microfinance providers; to develop supporting infrastructure like rating agencies, credit bureaus, and audit capacity; and to support experimentation. In some cases, serving sparse or difficult-to-reach populations can require longer-term donor support. Donors should try to integrate microfinance with the rest of the financial system. They should use experts with a track record of success when designing and implementing projects. They should set clear performance targets that must be met before funding is continued. Every project should have a realistic plan for reaching a point where the donor?s support is no longer needed. 10. The key bottleneck is the shortage of strong institutions and managers. Microfinance is a specialized field that combines banking with social goals. Skills and systems need to be built at all levels: managers and information systems of microfinance institutions, central banks that regulate microfinance, other government agencies, and donors. Public and private investments in microfinance should focus on building this capacity, not just moving money. 11. Microfinance works best when it measures?and discloses?its performance. Accurate, standardized performance information is imperative, both financial information (e.g., interest rates, loan repayment, and cost recovery) and social information (e.g., number of clients reached and their poverty level). Donors, investors, banking supervisors, and customers need this information to judge their cost, risk, and return. 2006 CGAP Financial Transparency Award The annual CGAP Financial Transparency Award is designed to promote greater transparency in annual financial reporting by Microfinance Institutions (MFIs). It promotes adequate disclosure in AUDITED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS, in compliance with international and industry specific disclosure requirements for financial reporting. Specifically, the award promotes good practices in financial reporting by (1) highlighting the primary sources of guidance for good disclosure practices, and, (2) recognizing the MFIs that reach good disclosure standards and by so doing, stimulates improvements in annual financial reporting. All MFIs that embrace good disclosure practices and all participants in this contest collectively promote the visibility of microfinance and the understanding of providers' financial performance. more ROLE OF GOVERNMENT MOBILE PHONES FOR MICROFINANCE DUE DILIGENCE GUIDELINES FOR THE REVIEW OF MICROCREDIT LOAN PORTFOLIOS |
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Azerbaijan Micro-finance Association:
44 J. Jabbarli str. (Caspian Plaza III) 9 floor Baku Azerbaijan Tel/Fax:: +(994.12)4371645 E-mail: amfa@amfa.az |